The female builds a well-concealed nest on the ground below dense vegetation, especially "Eragrostis variabilis" bunchgrass. For the play by Henrik Ibsen, see The Wild Duck. To achieve this goal, biologists plan to establish at least five populations on a combination of predator-free Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and predator-controlled sites on Main Hawaiian Islands. Poor monitoring at this time impairs accurate population estimates, but post-hoc analysis suggests that the population dropped to 82-127 adults from a peak of 743 birds prior to the drought. [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/543/13.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2004): Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Laysan Duck ("Anas laysanensis"). Downloaded from [USFWS 2005] The second “insurance” population of Laysan Ducks on Midway has grown quickly, more than doubling in size within the first two years (USGS 2006c). For example, Laysan Ducks are more likely to freeze their movement rather than flush or fly when startled— a strategy well suited for cryptic defense against Hawaii’s native flying predators, but ineffective against ground predators. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF fulltext] * (1996): Laysan Duck ("Anas laysanensis"). [Warner 1963] [Moulton & Weller 1984] [Moulton & Marshall 1996] Congress passed the Endangered Species Preservation Act in 1966, and in 1967 the Laysan Duck was declared an endangered species with federal protection. Fossil evidence reveals that Laysan Ducks once lived across the entire archipelago, but today survive only on three small, isolated islands. The Hawaiian coot is a small, slate-gray waterbird with a distinctive white shield running along its forehead and beak. Fish and Wildlife Service to restore a second population of ducks in the wild. Even a slight rise in sea level would destroy a large portion of the duck’s current habitat. A botulism outbreak followed due to the more than 110,000 dead albatross chicks left by the flooding (U.S. [http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article_pf.asp?ID=1577 HTML fulltext] External links *ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Anas_laysanensis/ Images and movies of the Laysan Duck "(Anas laysanensis)"] * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=437&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]. DOI|10.2173/bna.242 (requires subscription)* (2004): Habitat use and home range of the Laysan Teal on Laysan Island, Hawaii. In the wild, this duck is critically endangered. BirdLife International (2020) Species factsheet: Anas laysanensis. They prefer to venture out in the open and feed on the lake from dusk til dawn, although there seems to be marked variation from year to year according to the availability of food items. This suggests that the abundant habitat and food available on Midway has stimulated greater reproductive effort in the ducks, which contributes optimism for the success of this re-introduced population. Fact sheet 2005-3128. The goal of the recovery program is to conserve and recover the species to the extent that it may be down-listed from endangered to threatened in the near future, and ultimately, that the population be healthy enough to no longer require federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. The list contains 337 species. It formerly was more widespread on the larger Hawaiian Islands. It is reported to have over-washed 60-78% of Eastern Island and 15-20% of Sand Island, and affected c.15% of the species's breeding habitat on Laysan (U.S. The species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), where it became confined to Laysan Island. Reintroduced birds on Midway Atoll appear to breed successfully at an earlier age and produce larger clutches than birds on Laysan, probably owing to more food and a low population density. The Laysan duck, whose scientific name is Anas laysanesis, had the smallest geographical range of any duck species in the world, with approximately 500 birds living on Laysan. [http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/wnews/LDTP2005.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2005): Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5). M Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck Koloa maoli * X Anous minutus melanogenys Black (Hawaiian, White-capped) Noddy Noio X Anous stolidus pileatus Brown (Common) Noddy Noio-kōhā X (eds. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved 2007-FEB-08. The Hawaii Wildlife Center was a part of a collaborative effort to translocate critically endangered Laysan Ducks from Midway Atoll to Kure Atoll at the the top of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Voice Males have low, soft, hoarse quek, females quack. Millerbird DREPANIDIDAE HAWAIIAN HONEYCREEPERS 8. cantans Laysan Finch cantans 9. c. ultima Nihoa Finch 10. The wetlands on Midway are threatened by future flooding events and require periodic maintenance, including management of wetland plants and algae and the removal of alien mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) (VanderWerf 2012).Having a distribution on relatively low-lying islands, this species is potentially susceptible to climate change through sea-level rise and shifts in suitable climatic conditions (BirdLife International unpublished data). News release, Oct 23. 2008) and predicted to grow to a total of 380 birds (Reynolds et al. Fossil evidence reveals that Laysan Ducks once lived across the entire Hawaiian Island chain, but today survive only on three small, isolated islands. Laysan duck; Anas laysanensis) occurred throughout the Hawaiian archipelago until 800–900 years ago, but for more than 150 years it was isolated on a small remote atoll (412 ha) in the northwestern chain, Laysan Island (Cooper et al. The creation of multiple populations will decrease the risk that catastrophic events will result in species extinction. 2007), but suffered a setback when over 160 birds were killed in an outbreak of avian botulism in August 2008 (M. Reynolds in litt. The emphasis of the recovery plan is the distribution of additional viable populations in the Laysan Duck’s historical and prehistorical range. A second population established on Midway Atoll in 2004/2005 quadrupled in three years (Reynolds et al. 2007). It is a widespread dabbling duck found in wetland areas, including parks, small ponds and rivers. It feeds principally on invertebrates, but also grass and sedge seeds, and some algae (Reynolds et al. The Koloa, or Hawaiian Duck, Anus platyrhynchos wyvilliana, is intermediate in many respects between the Laysan Duck and the mainland form of the Mallard, Anus plutyrkynchos platyrhynchos. [Dill & Bryan 1912] RecoveryAfter many rabbits starved and the remaining ones were eradicated by biologists in 1923, the ducks began to recover, increasing to a population of about 500 individuals by the 1950s. Since 1998, a sample of birds have been fitted with unique leg bands or radio transmitters for monitoring reproductive success and survival, revealing that typically only 30% of ducklings on Laysan Island survive to fledge. Debris and contaminants washed ashore by ocean currents could pose a serious threat to the duck. Conservation Actions UnderwayCITES Appendix I. Laysan is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. It is a member of the mallard clade of dabbling ducks, and is a highly behaviorally and genetically unusual species. The creation of multiple populations will decrease the risk that catastrophic events will result in species extinction. Population justificationThe total population on Laysan Island was estimated at 521 birds (95% CI: 492-549) in 2010, with probably over 400 individuals (between 268 and 473) on Midway in 2010 (M. Reynolds in litt. "Waterbirds" 27(2): 183-192. During the evening and at night (Reynolds 2004), the species uses the central hyper-saline lake on Laysan, but concentrates near freshwater seeps around the shore (M. Morin in litt. The species was near extinction at the beginning of the 20th century, but the population increased to 500 individuals in 1987 (Marshall 1992), following the removal of introduced rabbits from Laysan. The increase of population size will diminish the threats from demographic and environmental uncertainties. Ducklings are precocious and feed on their own day two after hatching, but are guarded, brooded, and led to foraging sites by the hen for approximately 40 to 60 days.tatus and conservationDecline to near-extinctionThe decline of the Laysan Duck began 1000-1600 years ago, with the colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Polynesians and associated non-native mammalian predators. Threats include the introduction of non-native species, which may change vital rates, displace native species and adversely affect nesting and foraging opportunities. Laysan Island gained federal protection in 1909, with the establishment of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. If basic criteria of the recovery plan are met, the Laysan Duck could be down-listed from endangered to threatened by 2019.Notes References * (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. However, population bottlenecks occurred, such as the severe 1993 El Niño drought and food shortage, which reduced the number of ducks to about 100. 2013). and Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) prior to the arrival of Polynesians and occurred on the islands of Hawai‘ i, Moloka‘i, O‘ahu, Maui, and Kaua‘i. The nest is a shallow bowl lined with dead grass and down feathers. To achieve this goal, biologists plan to establish at least five populations on a combination of predator-free Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and predator-controlled sites on Main Hawaiian Islands. The Laysan duck population was recorded at 11 birds in 1911; their numbers climbed quickly after the rabbits were eradicated from Laysan in 1923. The Laysan Duck has a very small population, endemic only to the island of Laysan in the Hawaiian Islands. The newly established population on Midway lays larger clutches. In 2004-2005, 42 wild birds translocated from Laysan Island were released on Midway Atoll and many bred successfully in their first season. Conservation action is seeking to remove existing threats or increase the species's resilience to them, and the population was increasing following the successful reintroduction of birds to Midway Atoll, however outbreaks of avian botulism and a tsunami in 2011 appear to have caused major setbacks to the recovery. The spread of parasites such as the nematode "Echinuria uncinata" could be extremely pathogenic, as well as the introduction of disease by migratory waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway (such as avian influenza, avian malaria, cholera, botulism and duck plague). Aug 11, 2013 - Explore Noreen Nishikawa's board "Hawaiian Endangered Animals " on Pinterest. An outbreak of this disease has occurred every year since (M. Reynolds in litt. The emphasis of the recovery plan is the distribution of additional viable populations in the Laysan Duck’s historical and prehistorical range. Fish and Wildlife Service The Hawaiian name of Laysan Island is Kauō, meaning egg, which refers to the island's shape and how much life springs from the island. Random disasters and the limited carrying capacity of the fragile tiny islands are the main threats to the species's persistence. Justification of Red List CategoryThis species is listed as Critically Endangered because its population exhibits extreme fluctuations within its extremely small range. References . Rest of body chestnut mottled with dark brown. [3] By 1860, the ducks disappeared from all but Laysan Island (the duck’s namesake), most likely due to predation by introduced rats. 2011). Mallard Female (left) and male (right) … Wikipedia, We are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved 2007-FEB-08. It has been considered a subspecies of both Mallard and Hawaiian Duck, but this is certainly incorrect as neither of these is even its closest relative (thought to be Pacific Black Duck), and it is not especially similar to either of them. Fact sheet 2005-3128. Debris and contaminants washed ashore by ocean currents could pose a serious threat to the duck. Energetic foraging behavior includes a fly-snapping sprint through "Neoscatella sexnotata" brine fly swarms. The Laysan Teal (Anas laysanensis) is an endangered species restricted to approximately 10 km 2 on Midway Atoll and Laysan Island, and is one of the most difficult bird species to monitor effectively in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Sincock & Kridler 1977). Robert J. Shallenberger, U.S. On Laysan Island, brood rearing habitat is probably an important limiting factor. Human disturbance may impact nesting and brooding, and landing permits to the Laysan Island refuge are granted only for official or scientific purposes. ): "The Birds of North America": 242. Human disturbance may impact nesting and brooding, and landing permits to the Laysan Island refuge are granted only for official or scientific purposes. Additional populations on different islands are needed to reduce the extinction risk to small concentrated populations from alien predator introductions, tsunamis, and hurricanes, as the probability that disasters will affect several islands simultaneously is lower. With the Laysan population possibly approaching carrying capacity, 42 individuals were translocated to the two islands of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 2004 and 2005; the birds bred successfully in their first year (Reynolds and Klaviter 2006). [http://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/Current%20News/Laysan%20Fact%20Sheet%20Final%20LoRes.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2006a): Second generation of the nation’s rarest ducks hatch after translocation. News release, May 23. 6 TABLE 1 -Continued.' 1999) and native bunch grass has responded positively (Reynolds et al. A comprehensive restoration plan for Laysan Island has been developed, some sections of which are underway (U.S. This suggests that the population numbers c.500-680 mature individuals in total. Prior to the tsunami, two winter storms struck in January and February, bringing high wind and extensive flooding. News Release, May 16. Laysan Honeycreeper Nene Moho Pueo. Anas laysanesis was believed to have existed only on Laysan, until evidence from bones in 1995 indicated it … Threats include the introduction of non-native species, which may change vital rates, displace native species and adversely affect nesting and foraging opportunities. Environmental catastrophes such as drought, severe storms, and tsunamis may decimate populations. [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/543/13.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2004): Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Laysan Duck ("Anas laysanensis"). The creation of a second population, since disaster is unlikely to strike both atolls simultaneously, reduces the risk of extinction by random catastrophes such as drought, hurricanes, tsunamis, disease outbreaks (like avian influenza), and accidental introductions of non-native plants and animals. The annual pre-basic molt is complete, and the ducks lose all their flight feathers and become incapable of flight until new feathers grow in. After many rabbits starved and the remaining ones were eradicated by biologists in 1923, the ducks began to recover, increasing to a population of about 500 individuals by the 1950s. Text account compilersSymes, A., Taylor, J., Westrip, J., Bird, J., Ashpole, J, Benstead, P., Butchart, S., Calvert, R., Isherwood, I., Pilgrim, J., Stattersfield, A., Stuart, T. ContributorsShallenberger, R., Morin, M., Walters, J., Reynolds, M., Ritchotte, G. Recommended citation Fish and Wildlife Service. News Release, Oct 28. Photo: W.C. Gagne. 2000) are perhaps one of the greatest potential threats - the catastrophic outbreak of avian botulism killed 40-50% of teal on Midway in 2008 (M. Reynolds in litt. Laysan Duck * X Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Duck * Note that mallards are both migratory and introduced. Additionally, the plan calls for achieving gene flow between the wild source populations through long-term inter-island translocations, and island-specific management for each population to reduce threats and improve quality of habitat. 2008). [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf PDF fulltext] * (1996): Laysan Duck ("Anas laysanensis"). "Atoll Research Bulletin" 543: 181-199. Today, breeding and survival of the birds is closely tracked. * (2006b): Midway Atoll national Wildlife Refuge welcomes second generation of nation’s rarest ducks. 2011). & Gill, F. Laysan Duck with large, messy white spectacle, largely whitish head, and mostly grayish bill. Reproductive success is sometimes related to brine fly (prey abundance) densities which, in turn, are reduced by drought and low water-levels (Moulton and Marshall 1996, M. Reynolds unpublished data). The nest is a shallow bowl lined with dead grass and down feathers. DOI:10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027 [0183:HUAHRO] 2.0.CO;2 [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1675%2F1524-4695%282004%29027%5B0183%3AHUAHRO%5D2.0.CO%3B2 HTML abstract] * (2006): Diet composition and terrestrial prey selection of the Laysan Teal on Laysan Island. 2012). Status of an individual will be determined as the need arises. 2009, M. Reynolds in litt. News Release, Oct 28. Acrocephalus Laysan Millerbird familiaris 7. 2012). Egg-laying typically occurs from April to August. News Release, Oct 28. 1997, M. Morin in litt. Wild Duck redirects here. As of January 2007, 100 ducks call Midway’s Sand and Eastern Island home. Recent evidence suggests they evolved from an east Asian, southern hemisphere ancestor of mallards, not from stray migratory Mallards ("Anas platyrhynchos") as had been reported in the past. Like many isolated island species, the Laysan Duck evolved in an environment lacking mammalian predators, and is ill-suited in defense against non-native ground hunters, such as humans, rats, pigs, and mongooses. Through most of its known history it has been endemic to Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, although it occurred throughout the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands prior to Polynesian … For example, Laysan Ducks are more likely to freeze their movement rather than flush or fly when startled— a strategy well suited for cryptic defense against Hawaii’s native flying predators, but ineffective against ground predators. Named by Lionel Walter Rothschild in 1892, the Laysan Duck is named after Laysan island, one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Like the Laysan Duck, it does not migrate, but nests on the main Hawaiian Islands and several of the smaller offshore islets of the main group. The species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), where it became confined to Laysan Island.The birds do not disperse from Laysan today, but sub-fossil remains indicate that it was widespread on the Hawaiian Islands in the past (Reynolds and Kozar 2000), most recently being extirpated from Lisianski Island about 150 years ago.The species was near extinction at the beginning of the 20th century, but … 1999), including the central hyper-saline lake where the species forages (VanderWerf 2012). Egg-laying typically occurs from April to August. Apparent population fluctuations over the past century were previously attributed to differing methods and seasons of counts (Marshall 1992), but are now thought to relate to genuine changes (M. Reynolds and G. Ritchotte in litt. (eds. The increased frequency and severity of storms are an anticipated effect of global warming.USFWS 2004] A recovery plan for the Laysan Duck has been developed by the U.S. Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) bird call sounds on dibird.com. The creation of a second population, since disaster is unlikely to strike both atolls simultaneously, reduces the risk of extinction by random catastrophes such as drought, hurricanes, tsunamis, disease outbreaks (like avian influenza), and accidental introductions of non-native plants and animals. [http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/wnews/LDTP2005.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2005): Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5). Although … Although the non-migratory Laysan Duck can fly, it does not disperse between islands.The Laysan Duck found refuge through most of the nineteenth century on rat-free Laysan Island, surviving within the smallest geographic range of any duck species worldwide (415 hectares, or less than four square miles). Laysan Ducks The diminutive Laysan Duck may be a ”small brown job” but its wow factor comes from an engaging personality and an intriguing history. Some males show faint iridescence on the head or neck and have slightly upturned central tail feathers. [http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/wnews/LDTP2005.pdf PDF fulltext] * (2005): Translocation of Endangered Laysan Ducks to Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (2004-5). The increase of population size will diminish the threats from demographic and environmental uncertainties. Since 1998, a sample of birds have been fitted with unique leg bands or radio transmitters for monitoring reproductive success and survival, revealing that typically only 30% of ducklings on Laysan Island survive to fledge. 2013). "Auk" 116(3): 792–805. This difficulty is due to the Laysan Teal‘s 2011); however, the species appears to have suffered a c.50% decline in its adult population on Laysan following the winter storms and tsunami of early 2011 (J. R. Walters in litt. Other threats faced by the species include accelerated filling of the interior lake and freshwater seeps due to alien wetland plant species, and erosion of dunes from storm impacts (M. Reynolds in litt. 2011, 2012, J. Walters in litt. DOI:10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027 [0183:HUAHRO] 2.0.CO;2 [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1675%2F1524-4695%282004%29027%5B0183%3AHUAHRO%5D2.0.CO%3B2 HTML abstract] * (2006): Diet composition and terrestrial prey selection of the Laysan Teal on Laysan Island. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2020) IUCN Red List for birds. The newly established population on Midway lays larger clutches. It nests and rests in dense stands of shrubs and grasses (Moulton and Marshall 1996). [USGS 2006a, 2006b], The persistence of the Laysan Duck into the future is optimistic, though threats to the population remain. [USFWS 2005], The second “insurance” population of Laysan Ducks on Midway has grown quickly, more than doubling in size within the first two years (USGS 2006c). Like many isolated island species, the Laysan Duck evolved in an environment lacking mammalian predators, and is ill-suited in defense against non-native ground hunters, such as humans, rats, pigs, and mongooses. By the late 19th century it was known only from Laysan Island and Lisianski Island [1]. Of them, 64 are or were endemic to the islands, 130 are vagrants and 52 were introduced by humans. News Release, May 16. 1999), especially when raising young ducklings which are less tolerant of hyper-saline conditions. [USGS 2005] In 2004, the population grew to an estimated 576 ducks. It selects different habitats during different times of the day. Portland, OR. However, population bottlenecks occurred, such as the severe 1993 El Niño drought and food shortage, which reduced the number of ducks to about 100. The emphasis of the recovery plan is the distribution of additional viable populations in the Laysan Duck’s historical and prehistorical range. The birds were hunted for sport and for food by the personnel of the guano mining company 31 on Laysan, and, after these operations ceased, Japanese feather hunters also used large num bers of the ducks … LAYSAN DUCK Anas laysanensis Other: Laysan Teal monotypic native resident, endemic, endangered The Laysan Duck has the most restricted range and (often) population of any of the world’s waterfowl species. Management strategies have been initiated on Midway Atoll that should reduce the future impact of avian botulism outbreaks, including: annual flooding of the concrete-lined catchment during the summer months; drainage and cleaning of the catchment in the autumn or winter months to remove accumulated debris and seabird remains; vegetation removal around wetlands to allow carcass detection; weekly population monitoring that includes carcass removal and searches for sick birds; wetland carcass searches daily during the summer months; and use of heavy equipment and portable pumps each year to improve water quality (Work et al. The bill is short and spatulate, dark green with variable black blotching in males, and dull orange with variable black blotching in females. Portland, OR. 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