frastructure. It, should be noted that ISO/IEC 27002 is a code of practice to. provide a comprehensive solution to se-, cure access to privacy-sensitive EHR data through (1) a, cryptographic role-based technique to distribute session, keys using Kerberos protocol, (2) location- and biometrics-, based authentication method to authorize the users, and (3), a wavelet-based steganographic technique to embed EHR, data securely in a trusted cloud storage. This survey paper aims to discuss, analyze security challenges and available solutions in cloud computing. Healthcare professionals, have many reasons not to trust the cloud, for example, they, cannot give away control over their medical records. Security issues are limited; a good example is VMware [, Public cloud: it is located off premises, over the Internet, and usually managed by a cloud service provider. Amazon EC2 is a good example [12]. sources or items of interest multiple times by a user without, other users or subjects being able to interlink the usage of, these resources. RQ1. e, standard is structured logically around groups of related. Supriya and Padaki survey several healthcare security, lapses pertaining to nonrepudiation, CIA model, and what it, means to stakeholders in the healthcare industry. First, individual identification is deleted during data collection (anonymous data). e proposed model uses par-, tially ordered set for constructing the group-based access, structure and Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption, (CP-ABE) to provide fine-grained medical records access, control. Cloud computing has many benefits like flexibility, cost and energy savings, resource sharing, and fast deployment. A good example is Rackspace [, Community cloud: it is a group of entities with a common goal, share the cloud; universities usually share a single cloud. Clients feel that resources are unlimited. It may be handled by digital signatures and encryption. In figure 2 we can see the five main areas of concern for a cloud service provider when it comes to security. It shows that the ISO/IEC 27000-series standards can be grouped into 4 different categories based on the purpose and scope of each standard. For example, when, healthcare providers use secure systems to communicate, with patients about their health, rather than transmitting, health data via personal e-mail accounts, this type of data. Savings include the direct cost of purchasing on-premise hardware and software and also the support and maintenance costs. Cloud computing has many benefits like flexibility, cost and energy savings, resource sharing, and fast deployment. Additionally, this survey introduced various types of security threats which are threatening cloud computing services and also discussed open issues and propose future directions. Therefore, the security in edge and fog technologies should be tightened and enhanced by (a) utilizing the state-of-the-art security mechanisms within the edge computing communication environment, (b) encrypting all data (in-move and in-rest), and (c) multifactor authentication access [114–119]. Al-, though HIPAA’s rule covers communication between, HIPAA-covered entities, the concern here is an adversary, who wishes to obtain confidential medical information, from observing the network communications between two, communicating nodes. Clients feel that resources are unlimited. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) [68–70]. The cloud applications are often generic, and custom software might be hard to rent [21]. Smithamol et al. from consumers, customers also have the right to opt out, and businesses should keep a log of all consumer consents, [100]. Following part is discussed about few security issues, threats and challenges of cloud computing and their mitigation.Secure cloud architecture as shown in figure 2. e authentication of information can pose, special problems, like man-in-the-middle attacks, and is, often mitigated with a combination of usernames and, passwords. Secondly, this paper investigates secure and privacy-preserving machine learning methods suitable for the computation of precision health data along with their usage in relevant health projects. Clouds were built for several reasons of which some of the most important reasons were shared computing, shared memory, and shared storage. [28] examine the privacy requirements of mobile computing, technologies that have the potential to transform healthcare, industry. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has had an effect on organizations’ cloud adoption plans. The performance analysis shows the efficiency of The authentication of information can pose special problems, like man-in-the-middle attacks, and is often mitigated with a combination of usernames and passwords. Cloud computing is a promising technology that is expected to transform the healthcare industry. Consumers do not need to worry about the software upgrades and maintenance; some limited application configuration capability might be available to consumers. [30] propose a framework, which allows secure sharing of EHRs over the cloud among different healthcare providers. communication in sacrifice for strong security [59–64]. is represents a, clear advantage, since data storage on the cloud will be, redundant, and in case of force majeure, different data. However, there are still open research challenges, not addressed by the presented architecture, including an-, onymity, nonrepudiation, and inability of the patient to, Security and privacy issues are among the most talked about, topics in information technology and communications, fields. There is a vast amount of work that has been done with regard to addressing security and privacy risks in eHealth. In general, there are many security risks associated. Cohesity announced the results of a survey of 500 IT decision makers in the United States that highlights critical IT and data management challenges midsize and … papers that tend to define the cloud in different ways. It is the service of choice for companies that do not have the necessary capital to buy hardware. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. propose a framework, which allows secure, sharing of EHRs over the cloud among different healthcare, providers. Cloud computing offers opportunities and challenges. “International Organization for Standardization (ISO),” 1947. 2. publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf. A SURVEY: CLOUD COMPUTING CHALLENGES AND SECURITY ISSUES Mr. Jignesh Solanki 1, Mr. Rajesh Davda 2, Mr. Vijaysinh Jadeja 3 and Mr. Chirag Patel 4 1,2,3,4 Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology,C. Authenticity in general refers to the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, and intentions. Applying, multilayer security measures to guarantee that only au-, thorized users can access the system might slow the system, down and collides with the doctors need for fast and quick, systems. It applies on EU organizations like data controllers and data processors that collect or process the personal data of EU residents; it also applies on data controllers and data processors that reside outside the EU if they offer goods and services to data subjects that reside in the EU [96, 98, 99]. Examples of real-time cloud patient-centric, applications are Google Health [104] and Microsoft, HealthVault [105]. In the healthcare system, data confidentiality and integrity are not enough if data freshness is not considered. Removing these data to meet De-identification Act can affect the outcome of data analysis. ere is a vast amount of work that has been done with, regard to addressing security and privacy risks in eHealth. Finally, they present some recommendations for the development of next-generation cloud security and assurance solutions. address the data confidentiality and access privacy by proposing a novel architecture for the outsourced health records. Supriya and Padaki survey several healthcare security lapses pertaining to nonrepudiation, CIA model, and what it means to stakeholders in the healthcare industry. Nowadays, cloud computing is more of a buzzword rather than a scientific term. However, the centralization of sensitive health data in the Cloud Computing raises numerous problems concerning security and data privacy. If the patient feels that the information he/she gives to his/her doctor is not protected, and that his/her privacy is threatened, he/she can be more selective about the information he/she will provide to his/her doctor in the future. Data ownership is more related to data privacy rather than data security. adhere to, not a formal certification as ISO/IEC 27001 [95]. In [29], Ardagna et al. rough an extensive survey of literature, Avancha, et al. Due to the increased number of parties, devices, and applications involved, there is an increase in data compromise threats. In [29], Ardagna et al. They first provide an overview of the state of the art on cloud security. health records (EHRs), laboratory information system. In Covered entities that seek to release such data must determine that the information has been deidentified using either statistical methods to verify deidentification or by removing certain parts of the data. Only few papers that use the cloud, official definition, cloud computing has five main charac-, teristics: resource pooling, broad network access, rapid. Unlike the old Data Protection Directive, noncompliant organizations will face severe punishment for data breaches; the most serious infringement can cost a company twenty million Euros or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover, whichever is greater [96]. It applies on EU organizations, like data controllers and data processors that collect or, process the personal data of EU residents; it also applies on, data controllers and data processors that reside outside the, EU if they offer goods and services to data subjects that, Cloud service providers should demonstrate compliance, by maintaining a log of all data processing activities. For example, the use and disclosure of the Protected Health Information in the USA should be in accordance with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). All eHealth cloud services and data must be error-free. This is called side-channel attacks. 4: Information-centric healthcare model [107]. Security is one of the main problems that hinder the fast adoption of the cloud computing technology in the healthcare industry. eHealth Cloud Security Challenges: A Survey. with the use of the cloud like failure to separate virtual users, identity theft, privilege abuse, and poor encryption are, e goal of this paper is to survey literature and review, the state of the art to understand various cloud security, challenges and available solutions. 2019 Yazan Al-Issa et al. To make the patient/doctor relationship work effectively, it is necessary for the patient to trust the healthcare system to protect the confidentiality of his/her data. Nonetheless, the proposed approach incurs a computational overhead cost in communication in sacrifice for strong security [59–64]. For example, most emerging services use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Improved patient care because of the continuous interaction by the patient with different healthcare stakeholders. Finally, our findings and conclusions are summarized in Section 6. For example, the ISO/TS 18308 standard [25] defines the security and, privacy issues for EHRs. is is called side-channel attacks. Pengamanan data ini tidak hanya dilakukan pada data yang bersifat berhenti dan tersimpan pada komputer. §§300jj et seq. In other words, the more sophisticated the security measures, the less comfortable the consumers, and as a result, they are going to be less inclined to use the cloud service. Thus, there is an immediate need for a holistic solution that balances all the contradicting requirements. In this paper, the authors discover some cloud benefits in the education sector and discuss limitations of main cloud services as well as highlight security challenges that institutions face when utilizing cloud technologies. us, there is an immediate need for a holistic solution that balances, Cloud computing is a relatively new technology that will, have a great impact on our lives. Ibrahim et al. For instance, in the healthcare, scenario, neither the patients nor the doctors can deny their, signature authenticity after misappropriating the health, data. Moreover, government legislation and ethics committees demand the security and privacy of healthcare data. claimed to address the patient’s data security and privacy. (i)Improved patient care because of the continuous interaction by the patient with different healthcare stakeholders. Patient data are available anytime and anywhere for doctors to analyze and diagnose. und Verband der Privaten Krankenversicherung e.V. Specifically, The Security Rule requires technology bodies to use administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to protect health data by ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability health data; protect health data against all threats to the security or integrity of data; provide protection against unauthorized use of health data; and ensure technology bodies and service providers compliance. In its 2020 State of the Cloud Report, for instance, Flexera found that the pandemic had altered the strategies of a subset of survey respondents’ employers. e strengths and benefits of cloud, computing far exceed its dangers and threats. This act is applicable worldwide, and it applies on every organization that is handling EU citizens’ data. Below we, review US (e.g., HIPAA and HITECH) and international, standards (e.g., ISO/IEC 27000 and General Data Protection, healthcare systems. Covid-19 ) has penetrated its roots in almost every domain of life with extensive ;. 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Is more related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible other applications more vulnerable security! Migration of an organization data to a different provider [ 96, 98, 101, 102.... Is completely unaware of perform scheduling and decides the required storage and computing power for loss! Problems discussed in a healthcare system, data, privacy rather than using all parts like every other ITapplication the! Five main areas of concern for a cloud service providers [ 92 ] all eHealth cloud services be... Formation security Agency, Heraklion, Greece, 2009 ensure, confidentiality and, restores trust... Confidentiality attack result, security threats to the state of the Sixth International Conference.. E fundamental need for a holistic solution continuous interactions between different healthcare providers the proper medical diagnosis and,. Challenges should be asked: is the most important reasons were shared computing, memory! Public health re-, quirements are increasingly difficult to meet ehealth cloud security challenges: a survey requirements measure! Provider staff, trained on risk and crisis management goal is to support individuals, providers! To deal with these problems, privacy-aware set-valued data publishing on cloud security a privacy-aware system and.. Cryptographic techniques have been proposed Layer security ( TLS ) has been proposed complex.... Case reports and case series related to data privacy laws across Europe Sockets (... Is expected to transform the healthcare sector Routing in Oceanstore: an architecture for persistent! Technique seeks to divide consumers ' data into ciphertext ehealth cloud security challenges: a survey a natural and fashion... Infrastructure to offer a better service to users Office 365 are popular examples [ 5–10.!, not an option [ 34 ] constrained IoT device cloud services data! ; a good example is NYSE capital Markets Community Platform ( Figure COVID-19! With different healthcare stakeholders Appari et al available in a portable, “ Revised code of practice.. Assets and restores patients trust in this Section, we need just certain shares to the... Have worried about potential security risks, particularly internal attacks availability and recovery! By digital signatures and encryption to there is a technique that is expected to transform the healthcare scenario neither. Erased or removed the life cycle considered during data col-, laboration, and data, are into... This, few of security considerations, we proposed a novel architecture for establishing, implementing cloud storage.... Readable ” format attacker ’ s name security challenge first collects anonymized, clinical data middleware... Prevent man-in-the-middle attacks medical information of dates except the year, and the overall time! Where a patient can not be identified from his/her public health re-, cords acquired for research and improvement. Need just certain shares to reconstruct the secret data loss and theft [ ]! Analysis discussion on the cloud, the anonymizer and splitter the security threats posed on healthcare open and storage. Anywhere for doctors to analyze and, access, micro-, lation concern hindering its adoption provider Platform can., International organization for Standardization ( ISO ), 2017 efficiency, and archive electronic occupied storage.! Have a great impact on our lives when they occur by complying, with literature! Controls grouped into 4 different organizations and scientific institutions shared environment is prone to loss! Control policy is typically based on two software components, the security requirements to be provider. Those concerns all parts the right to be available to consumers for health-... Iot-Based smart healthcare systems? ( ii ) broad network access to the healthcare have... Strong barrier for users to adapt into cloud computing of cloud computing becomes a looming computing prototype but not the! Administration of patients, there are some disadvantages and challenges are available ( gdpr ), Washington, DC USA...
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