Computer programs for qualitative data analysis: A software sourcebook. Provide sufficient contextual information about the case, including relevant biographical and social information (depending on the focus), such as ESL learning/teaching history, L1 background, years of residence in a new country, data collection site(s), or other relevant descriptive information pertaining to the case and situation. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g. Silverman, D. (2000). This website uses cookies. Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). Reports of case studies submitted to TESOL Quarterly should include the following elements: References and Further Reading on Case Study Research. Please choose from an option shown below. Educational research: An introduction (6th ed.). Case study research: Design and methods. It Once a satisfactory solution has been achieved the results of the QCA study can then be published or used in other ways. A quantitative analysis of the data follows in Chapter 5. The following guidelines are provided for submissions reporting case study research aimed at understanding a bounded phenomenon by examining in depth, and in a holistic manner, one or more particular instances of the phenomenon. Yin’s case study process is elaborated on and additional principles from the wider literature are integrated. Johnson, D. M. (1992). The data are generally nonnumerical. Research decisions: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives (2nd ed.). Faltis, C. (1997). In N. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds. How thematic analysis works. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yin, R. K. (1994). Provide sufficient evidence for your claims or interpretations to make them clear, credible, and convincing to others. It is the analysis of the qualitative component of this study that forms the basis of the discussion contained herewith. Data. Weitzman, E. A., & Miles, M. B. Acknowledging multiple realities in qualitative case studies, as is now commonly done, involves discerning the various perspectives of the researcher, the case/participant, and others, which may or may not converge (Yin, 1994). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Grounded theory is one of the most popular qualitative strategies that leads to a general, abstract theory of a process or action grounded in the views of people that participate in a study. Research approaches in applied linguistics. In multiple case studies, each case may represent a different thematic finding, such as a different type of learner, teacher, or program (e.g., highly successful vs. less successful, domestic vs. international), which you may also portray as a clustering of properties or even a metaphor; alternatively, you may analyze and discuss each of the cases in terms of a small number of pervasive and important themes that run across them to varying degrees. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. al. Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips, playlists, and searches. According to Merriam (1998, 2009), qualitative case studies can be defined as processes, a unit of analysis, or as the output or product of the research. Once written records are available, analysis involves the coding of data and the identification of salient points or structures. Case study research produces vast amounts of data. In qualitative research, the context informs the research question. Research methods in language learning. 145-152). The writer's ability to provide a compelling and engaging profile of the case, with suitable examples and linkages to broader issues, is also very important. She suggested that qualitative case studies can be further distinguished by special features: Particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. 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Establishing a trusting relationship with research participants, using multiple elicitation tasks (data collection procedures), obtaining adequate relevant background information about case participants and sites, and having access to or contact with the case over a period of time are, in general, all highly desirable. In R. R. Day (Ed. Aim To illustrate an approach to data analysis in qualitative case study methodology.. Background There is often little detail in case study research about how data were analysed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Please note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices. Cross-case analysis enables case study researchers to delineate the combination of factors that may have contributed to the outcomes of the case, seek or construct an explanation as to why one case is different or the same as others, make sense of puzzling or unique findings, or further articulate the concepts, hypotheses, or theories discovered or constructed from the original case. London: Longman. Creswell, J. W. (1998). There are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used. Although widely used, the qualitative case study method is not well understood. Outlook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). If you encounter a problem downloading a file, please try again from a laptop or desktop. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. The case study example within this article was part of a mixed method project which contained a qualitative approach to interpreting interview data using thematic analysis. Baseball saved us literary essay Qualitative study in case content analysis case study examples for effective communication, teaching strategies synthesis essay ideas for history research paper pte essay sample e2language ap government argument essay example essay about my favourite gadget. This article presents some guidance by cataloging nine different techniques for case selection: typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, crucial, pathway, most similar, and most different. Data may be analyzed and interpreted through a variety of ideological lenses (e.g., positivist, poststructuralist, feminist, or critical (Duff, 2002; Merriam, 1998; Yin, 1994), although descriptive/interpretive approaches are still the most common in TESOL. Even when conducting a series of case studies, comparisons between two or more case… ), Talking to learn: Conversations in second language acquisition (pp. Hatch, E. It also indicates that if the researcher is starting from a quantitative database, then methods for finding influential outliers can be used. Analysis. Instead, the researcher attempts to identify important patterns and themes in the data. Case studies are the most popular qualitative methods of data analysis.A case study method focuses on the in depth study of a single, usually complex series of events, that make up a case. The study focuses on all aspects and dimensions of the case in question, aimed at illustrating viewpoints or theories rather than making comparisons. Stake, R. E. (1994). The richness of case studies is related to the amount of detail and contextualization that is possible when only one or a small number of focal cases and issues are analyzed. The “event” is understood as an integrated system in operation, why it requires an analysis that gets interpret and reconstruct the system. Purposeful sampling is generally used in case study research; therefore, explain sampling procedures and case selection, and the defining characteristics and typicality or atypicality of the case: Note whether the case in question is a deviant or extreme case, a critical case, a convenience case, a politically significant case, and so on (Creswell, 1998; Miles & Huberman, 1994). Rowley, MA: Newbury House. More recently, TESOL case studies have adopted the more subjective and interpretive stance typical of case studies in education and other fields (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996; Johnson, 1992; Stake, 1994, 1995), with less emphasis on the acquisition of discrete linguistic elements and more emphasis on such issues as learners' and teachers' identities, skill development and its consequences for learners, teachers' professional development experiences, and the implementation of language policies in programs and countries. Qualitative research and case study applications in education. Research methods in education (4th ed.). Interpretation. Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. In the qualitative phase, I analyzed the data … Case study research in applied linguistics. Gall, M. D., Borg, W. R., & Gall, J. P. (1996). Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation, recordings made in natural settings, documents, and artifacts. Case study methods in researching language and education. Case study data analysis generally involves an iterative, spiraling, or cyclical process that proceeds from more general to more specific observations (Creswell, 1998; Palys, 1997; Silverman, 2000). In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. In R. A. Kaplan (Ed. analysis, the cases, and the theory of change means QCA is an iterative process, usually involving several rounds of within-case analysis and cross-case comparisons (see Scholz et. Data in SLA studies may be somewhat more restricted (either interviews, tests, writing samples, think-aloud protocols, or grammaticality judgments), and the analytic focus may be narrower and more technical as well, such as the development of linguistic or rhetorical structures in oral or written L2 production. Qualitative research methods are ways of investigating a topic to gain a deeper understanding and generate new theories and ideas. However, in many of the qualitative case studies we reviewed, sufficient details in research design, data collection, and data analysis were missing. Nike inc case study questions. Most browsers automatically accept cookies, but if you prefer, you can opt out by changing your browser settings. Case study research in TESOL and second language acquisition (SLA) has its origins in psychology and linguistics (e.g., Hatch, 1978), with a focus on the development of L2 syntax, morphology, phonology, and so on, as analyzed by an ostensibly objective researcher. Not only does it lead to a better and more thorough understanding, it adds to the validity of the analysis as well. a statement of the study's purpose and the theoretical context, a detailed description of the case(s) and explanation of decisions related to sampling and selection, context of the study and case history, where relevant, issues of access to the site/participants and the relationship between you and the research participant (case), evidence that you obtained informed consent, that the participants' identities and privacy are protected, and, ideally, that participants benefited in some way from taking part in the study, methods of data collection and analysis, either manual or computer-based data management and analysis (see Weitzman & Miles, 1995), or other equipment and procedures used, findings, which may take the form of major emergent themes, developmental stages, or an in-depth discussion of each case in relation to the research questions; and illustrative quotations or excerpts and sufficient amounts of other data to establish the validity and credibility of the analysis and interpretations, a discussion of factors that might have influenced the interpretation of data in undesired, unanticipated, or conflicting ways, a consideration of the connection between the case study and larger theoretical and practical issues in the field. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. Background: There is often little detail in case study research about how data were analysed. It highlighted the strengths of qualitative content analysis as a method that achieves to respect the credos of openness and theory-guided analysis at the same time. 2016 and case study opposite). In TESOL, a case typically refers to a person, either a learner or a teacher, or an entity, such as a school, a university, a classroom, or a program (see Faltis, 1997; Johnson, 1992; Nunan, 1992). Because attrition may deeply affect longitudinal case studies based on just one or two participants, sampling carefully is crucial. Thematic analysis in qualitative research provides a sophisticated tool to achieve that goal. Duff, P. (in press). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. However, it is important that comprehensive analysis procedures are used because there are often large sets of data from multiple sources of evidence. ), The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 236-247). To do a case study in qualitative research, carefully select a specific subject and use appropriate data collection methods and analysis to attempt to understand the subject and surrounding circumstances -- also called context. Quantitative data analysis includes information about quantities and numbers, as far as qualitative data applies to things which can be observed but not measured. Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods (2nd ed.). Abstract . It’s often used with a theory testing approach, where no such case study has been done before, so new explanations are likely to be generated using phenomenology or grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. The case study is a descriptive qualitative methodology that is used as a tool to study something specific in a complex phenomenon. For instance, there are studies that do not offer sampling logic or a description of the analysis through which research out-comes are drawn. Aim: To illustrate an approach to data analysis in qualitative case study methodology. (1995). Oxford: Oxford University Press. New York: Longman. A case study is a research method common in social science. Acknowledging multiple realities in qualitative case studies, as is now commonly done, involves discerning the various perspectives of the researcher, the case/participant, and others, which … The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research pdf. Schmidt, R. (1983). Essay sports topics. This implies that qualitative data analysis of case studies is complex and requires flexibility, experience, and skill. ), Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Multiple cases are often preferable to single cases, particularly when the cases may not be representative of the population from which they are drawn and when a range of behaviors/profiles, experiences, outcomes, or situations is desirable. Young L2 learners or others who are not highly proficient in their L2 may not have the maturity or the linguistic competence to convey their perspectives easily; in some cases, an assistant who can speak the participant's L1 to explain the research purposes and elicit the participant's views in their L1 may be helpful, depending on the focus of the study (Duff, in press). Sampling. 237-322). Interaction, acculturation and the acquisition of communicative competence: A case study of an adult. Be cautious about drawing unwarranted inferences because of the small sample size, particularly if the case is not typical of others in the same set. Draw data either from one primary source (e.g., oral interviews, journals, or essays) or from multiple sources. Due to conflicting epistemological presuppositions and the complexity inherent in qualitative case-based studies, scientific rigor can be difficult to demonstrate, and any resulting findings can be difficult tojustify. Case study research produces vast amounts of data. (Ed.). London: Routledge. Establishing the significance or importance of themes or findings is crucial; the discussion should ideally link these themes explicitly to larger theoretical and practical issues. Observations and data collection settings may range from natural to artificial, with relatively unstructured to highly structured elicitation tasks and category systems, depending on the purpose of the study and the disciplinary traditions associated with it (Cohen & Manion, 1994). Please log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email feature. Context. Qualitative analysis was used to examine the interview transcripts and derive fundamental categories that summarized the underlying thematic structure. ), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. Political Science and International Relations, https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397.n277, Case Study Research in Business and Management, Deductive-Nomological Model of Explanation, Paradigm Plurality in Case Study Research, Research Questions, Types of Retrospective Case Study, Contentious Issues in Case Study Research, Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data: ATLAS.ti, Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data: CAITA (Computer-Assisted Interpretive Textual Analysis), Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data: Kwalitan, Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data: MAXQDA 2007, Computer-Based Analysis of Qualitative Data: NVIVO, Comparing the Case Study With Other Methodologies, Conceptual Model in a Qualitative Research Project, Conceptual Model in a Quantitative Research Project, CCPA – Do Not Sell My Personal Information. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I describe the qualitative analysis of the data, including the practical steps involved in the analysis. Case study research may feature single cases or multiple cases (e.g., often two to four). Case studies may be included in larger quantitative or qualitative studies to provide a concrete illustration of findings, or they may be conducted independently, either longitudinally or in a more limited temporal period. ... analysis (case) is can be a challenge for both novice and seasoned researchers alike. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. It is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event. Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships.Unlike quantitative methods, in qualitative data analysis there are no universally applicable techniques that can be applied to generate findings.Analytical and critical thinking skills of researcher plays significant role in data analysis in qualitative studies. Data reduction may include quantification or other means of data aggregation and reduction, including the use of data matrices, tables, and figures (Miles & Huberman, 1994). The art of case study research. Qualitative methods include ethnography, grounded theory, discourse analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis. ), Research methods in language and education (pp. As an interpretive, inductive form of research, case studies explore the details and meanings of experience and do not usually attempt to test a priori hypotheses. The main feature of the grounded theory, which differentiates it from other qualitative data analysis methods is its focus on theory development . L2 researchers frequently propose models or principles based on their results to be supported, tested, compared, or refuted by themselves or others in subsequent research (e.g., Schmidt, 1983; Schmidt & Frota, 1986). Stake, R. E. (1995). The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research pdf rating. Style for a research paper often abbr crossword analysis Qualitative case study in foreign policy case study Qualitative case analysis in study give back to community essay research paper on the zodiac killer, sample bar essay questions, texas a&m essay requirements 2020 write a short essay on responsibility, essay writing on freedom fighters in telugu. , & Manion, L., & Frota, S. N. ( 1986 ) )... Identification of salient points or structures 1986 ) that forms the basis of the contained... 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